As contribuições de Richard Wagner, Claude Debussy e Igor Stravinsky foram decisivas para o desenvolvimento da linguagem musical no Ocidente. No entanto esses compositores não dispunham de um método composicional conciso que sustentasse suas incursões pelo âmbito da dissonância.
Coube a Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) a formulação de um método (sistema) composicional coerente e rigoroso, em substituição ao método de tonalidades maior-menor. A proposição de Schoenberg, sendo considerada uma das maiores revoluções em toda a história da Música no Ocidente, representa a linha divisória entre a tradição e a modernidade, assim como também a referência dos compositores das gerações que o sucederam.
Porém, o próprio Schoenberg passou por um período que, desprovido de um sistema composicional, cria obras exclusivamente atonais, sendo considerado por muitos estudiosos o pioneiro nesta modalidade de composição.
SERIALISMO: UMA NOVA PROPOSTA DE SISTEMATIZAÇÃO FORMAL, ESTRUTURAL E HARMÔNICA (A ATONALIDADE, ARNOLD SCHOENBERG E O SERIALISMO, AS PARTÍCULAS SONORAS DE ANTON WEBERN, SERIALISMO INTEGRAL)
Serialism is most specifically defined the structural principle according to which a recurring series of ordered elements (normally a set - or 'row' - of pitches or 'pitch classes') which are used in order, or manipulated in particular ways, to give a piece unity. Serialism is often broadly applied to all music written in the what Arnold Schoenberg called "The Method of Composing with Twelve Tones related only to one another", or dodecaphony, and methods which evolved from his methods. It is sometimes used more specifically to apply only to music where at least one other element other than pitch is subjected to being treated as a row or series. The term Schoenbergian serialism is sometimes used to make the same distinction between use of pitch series only, particularly if their is an adherence to post-Romantic textures, harmonic procedures, voice-leading and other audible elements of 19th century music. In such usages post-Webernian serialism will be sued to denote works which extend serial techniques to other elements of music. Another term used to make the distinction is 12 tone serialism.
Serialism has been described by its practioners as an extension and formalisation of earlier methods of 'cellular' thematic and motivic unification in classical and romantic music. This extension and formalisation is seen as having been motivated by the intensifying drive towards chromatic saturation and the resulting need to unify without using tonality.
Most serial music is deliberately structured as such. A row may be assembled 'pre-compositionally' (perhaps to embody particular intervallic or symmetrical properties), or it may be derived from a spontaneously invented thematic or motivic idea. Composing a serial work involves continually re-rhythmicising the various reappearances of the row in its Original, Retrograde, Inverted and Retrograde-Inverted forms as these are distributed through the various elements of the texture and employed to create accompaniments and subordinate parts as well as the main themes; each of these forms may also be transposed to begin on any note of the chromatic scale.
This row or series is used in one form as the "basic set", which constitutes the "center" of gravity for the piece. Each row or series is supposed to have three other forms: retrograde, or the basic set backwards, inverted, or the basic set "upside down" and retrograde-inverted, which is the basic set upside down and backwards. The basic set is usually required to have certain properties, and may have additional restrictions, such as the requirement that it use each interval only once. The most common requirement is that first half and second half of the row not be inversions of each other. The series in itself may be regarded as pre-compositional material: in the process of composition it is manipulated by various means to produce musical material.
Serialism
History of Serial Music (Twelve Tone Music, Serialism invented and described, Serialism and high modernism, Serialism in the present, Reactions to and against serialism), Theory of Serial Music, Important Composers, Sources.
Wikipedia (GNU Free Documentation License)
Sem comentários:
Enviar um comentário